Science, Technology & Religion

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Interesting series of quotes about what it means to be human from various scientists over at What Does It Mean to Be Human? | Wired Science from Wired.com.

Often our attempts to define this tend to be linked to particular understandings of the essential core that defines human beings, sometimes called the locus humanus. Typically, this is denoted by a set of attributes that human beings alone possess, such as the religious concept of an immortal soul, but is often a collection of psychological attributes such as reason, language, consciousness and self consciousness. And indeed, in the quotes in the link above some of these crop up.

Hat tip to Nouslife: What Does It Mean to Be Human?

Hat tip to James at Exploring Our Matrix for a link through to an extensive interview How Our Brains are Wired for Belief with Andrew Newberg (hosted by the Pew Forum) on religion and neuroscience (neurotheology). He also notes this link to various related articles by Newberg and others.

See also Greenflame · Search results - Newberg which has some more links in it.

If you have an interest in science and religion or history you will probably be interested to know that Cambridge University has digitized and published on the internet its collection Darwin material (30,000 odd items and 90,000 images, as well as audio material). From the web site:

This site contains Darwin’s complete publications, thousands of handwritten manuscripts and the largest Darwin bibliography and manuscript catalogue ever published; also hundreds of supplementary works: biographies, obituaries, reviews, reference works and more.

Almost all is online only here: such as 1st editions of Voyage of the Beagle, Zoology, Descent of Man, all editions of Origin of Species (1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th & 6th); important manuscripts: Beagle Diary & field notebooks, Journal, transmutation notebooks and Autobiography.

You can access the site at: The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (darwin-online.org.uk).

More too, over at Complete Darwin Papers Debut on Internet | Wired Science from Wired.com

Globalization CommunicationLove to share is a downloadable resource from the World Council of Churches that aims to give some direction and guidelines for churches when considering intellectual property rights and copyright and looking at alternatives to the current situation. At some point I’d like to have some students theologically investigate these ideas so I’ll be downloading it to see what it says. [Hat tip to Tensegrities]

On a related note I’ve also been reading the WCC booklet - Globalization of Communications - by Chris Arthur. It’s about 10 years old now, but there’s some interesting starting points for further discussion in it.

But wait, there’s more…

WCC and new and emerging technologies: Able-ism: A prerequisite for transhumanism is a discussion paper on new technologies by Gregor Wolbring, who blogs over at Nano, Bio, Info, Cogno, Synthetic bio, NBICS.

And there’s also the WCC report Science, Faith & New Technologies: Transforming Life, Volume 1 : Convergent Technologies, which has some stuff in it relating to transhumanism.

An interesting post about a set of interviews with US scientists about religious and spiritual beliefs and practices. Part of a follow-up to a larger survey and indicate that religious/spiritual inclination might be much higher than is commonly portrayed in a science vs. religion conflict model.

See The Immanent Frame » Blog Archive » Beyond The God Delusion

Related links:

The website Edge: The Third Culture recently asked the question “WHAT HAVE YOU CHANGED YOUR MIND ABOUT?” to a range of commentators. Martin Rees (President, The Royal Society; Professor of Cosmology & Astrophysics; Master, Trinity College, University of Cambridge) responded with interesting short piece - We Should Take the ‘Posthuman’ Era Seriously.

You can also listen to him as part of the panel on the most recent episode of BBC - Radio 4 In Our Time on the concept of the Multiverse.

Firstly, a short summary piece from PBS Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly on recent developments in biotechnology and whether they change the ethical landscape. See Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . PERSPECTIVES . Bioethics Update . January 25, 2008 | PBS

And secondly, Rod Benson (who produces the weekly summary RELIGION & ETHICS AUSTRALIA) also has a daily blog going over at Ethics Update: News, opinion and rumour on all manner of ethical, political and religious issues.

Mary over at Tensegrities points to this visually engaging project - Chris Harrison - Visualizing the Bible.

Beyond Paley: Renewing the Vision for Natural Theology is an interdisciplinary event being held at the University Museum, Oxford in June. The line up of speakers looks engaging, but given my chances of actually getting there as very slim (as in non-existent) I’ll wait for the downloads from the web site.

Related links from the Counterbalance site:

Interesting article by Real Live Preacher over at Christian Century on the enquiring mind and faith.

Some people see the boundary between mystery and science as a battleground with barbed wire and trenches on either side. But I think that the place where our searching and empirical minds meet the mysteries of the world is the realm of worship and poetry.

Full article at: The Christian Century: Faith matters - Brother Scientist (January 15, 2008) by Gordon Atkinson.

Interesting articles that popped up on young-earth ‘creationist’ geology, and the problems it causes, not for secular geologists, but rather for old-earth Christian geologists.

Original NYT article at: Rock of Ages, Ages of Rock by Hanna Rosin (Nov 25, 2007). (Login needed).

Commentary on the article here at Young Earth Creationism Makes Life Difficult for Everyone | Liveblog | Christianity Today.

Paradise Lost Poster Credits LowA few recent Charles Darwin links.

David Wollert, whom you may remember from Greenflame · Emergent systems & the church and Greenflame · Emergent systems & the church (revisited), has produced a documentary about Charles Darwin’s religious life. You can find it at:

Looks like an interesting approach to Darwin’s life and thought - one ignored by some religious and secular accounts that both, for various reasons, hold Darwin up as the arch-enemy of religion.

Also, the Auckland museum is currently running an exhibit on Charles Darwin which I want to get to soon, I hope.

And finally, James McGrath has been doing a series of posts on Philip Kitcher’s book Living with Darwin: Evolution, Design, and the Future of Faith.

Related to the post a couple of days ago, here’s an article about religious orders using the Internet to attract people into a religious vocation. See Monasteries enter the Internet Age - New Zealand’s source for technology news on Stuff.co.nz

Dscn2948Well, obviously I think the answer is yes :-)
Anyway, that’s the title that the editors of sPanz (the quarterly magazine of the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa-New Zealand) put on the editorial I wrote for this quarter’s issue.

You can read it at Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand // Media: Should we have a theological perspective on technology?.

Two notes:

  1. The picture here is of the garden path mentioned in the article
  2. sPanz ‘graduated’ me a couple of weeks early. PhD graduation is next week. :-)

ABC radio programme The Spirit of Things - 26August2007 - Space, Genes, Evolution and Religion interviews four thinkers in the area of science and religion: Ted Peters, Martinez Hewlett, Antje Jackelen and Jacques Arnould. It’s a fairly low key engagement with the topic, but worth a listen (and the web page has links to both the audio and other resources).

Related references:

Jackelén, Antje. “The Image of God as Techno Sapiens.” Zygon 37, no. 2 (2002): 289-302.
Jackelén, Antje. “What Is ”Secular“? Techno-Secularism and Spirituality.” Zygon 40, no. 4 (2005): 863-873.

Peters, Ted. Playing God?: Genetic Determinism and Human Freedom. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Peters, Ted. Science, Theology, and Ethics Ashgate Science and Religion Series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003.

Peters, Ted, and Martinez Hewlett. Evolution from Creation to New Creation: Conflict, Conversation, and Convergence. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2003.

The Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences
Zygon Center for Religion and Science

A few years back I heard a sermon from a guest preacher that used the example of Jupiter’s presence in the solar system decreasing the number of comets etc. that might hit the Earth catastrophically as a ‘proof’ of the intelligent design (by God) of the solar system (and by implication the whole universe). (For an example of this see: Reasons To Believe: Spokane Chapter Newsletter - June 2006 - Jupiter and Saturn: Miraculous Planets)

As someone who has a passing interest in astronomy (I did a couple of undergraduate papers at university) that example always seemed too neat - surely things were more complicated than that in the celestial mechanics of the solar system? And now, things do appear more complicated over at Is Jupiter a Bodyguard or Troublemaker? — Schilling 2007 (824): 3 — ScienceNOW. I guess it’s time for a sermon retcon for a few preachers.

Melbourne newspaper “The Age” has this brief article on neuroscientists analyzing what the brain does when an person is altruistic - see Warm as charity: why giving feels good.

Related links:

Books and articles by Antonio Damasio including:

Books and articles by Andrew Newberg

Counterbalance: Psychology and Neuroscience

Tansaa Poster A4New Perspectives In Science and Theology Conference will be held 27-28 July 2007 at the Bible College of New Zealand in Auckland. It’s being organized by TANSAA (Theology and the Natural Sciences in Aotearoa Auckland) and Tyndale-Carey Graduate School, and is a Metanexus initiative.

The conference speakers cover a range of specialties: Physics & Origins of life; Biology; Theology & Biblical Studies; Psychology; Media and Digital Technologies.

I’m presenting a paper entitled “Image-bearing cyborgs?”, picking up some of the strands of hacking, hybridity and hope.

Click on the poster for more details.

A couple of links came to my attention this week. Firstly, the Singularity Institute have started a blog to promote ideas about the technological singularity (Greenflame » Pondering the Singularity (Again)), and at the same time I came across the bioethics podcasts from The Center for Bioethics & Human Dignity. Both have interesting material on them, though they have quite different perspectives.

Here’s a selection of other links that relate to different people and groups looking at the future. It’s an eclectic mix pitched at a variety of levels, so caveat lector.

Nowhere near an exhaustive list, but it’s a start.

Xenotransplantation - in general terms, transplanting non-human organic tissue into human beings - looks likely to become more common in New Zealand in light of the decision to re-open the door to its use in potential diabetes treatment.

A couple of years back I did a few lectures about xenotransplantation and similar technologies that I argued would become more common in the near future, and that there were significant pastoral issues that would need to be faced in light of this. I still think this, and I worry that many people when faced with hard decisions about this type of procedure, and especially questions that it raises about human identity, will find little or no space in the faith communities to reflect upon and discuss it.

Even outside of the issues raised about its safety, the potential for a knee-jerk marginalization of individuals who do elect for these treatments (for whatever reasons) within the church and the wider community seems a very real possibility. Especially in communities that see the division between human and non-human in clear-cut, black and white, divinely-ordered categories.

For links to related articles and web sites see the category: Greenflame: Bioethics.

A while back Lindsay over at Random Murmurings pointed me towards the podcast of the ABC’s “All in the Mind” radio programme, and in particular this episode, All in the Mind - The Brain Computer Interface (2 December 2006). The episode looks at how technological developments, particularly in digital implants, might aid those with motor neurone disease and similar conditions.

The episode is especially interesting because includes excerpts from the paper co-authored by Nicholas Chisholm about his experience of locked-in syndrome and his observations on medical decision making and ethics from a position of complete lack of voice and power. It makes for very scary reading. The full text of the paper, co-authored with Grant Gillett of the Otago Bioethics Centre in Dunedin, is available at: The patient’s journey: Living with locked-in syndrome — Chisholm and Gillett 331 (7508): 94 — BMJ.

The issues presented connect closely those also raised by Gerard Goggin and Christopher Newell in several of their publications where they argue that those who are being “helped” by technology are left out of the consultative loop, and become merely tools used by those promoting the technology. They also note that ethical guidelines are also often determined by those with little or no personal experience of the issues being faced, and again those with that experience are not consulted. See:

Michael Spezio (neuroscientist and Presbyterian minister) is another voice who is concerned that the optimism articulated by transhumanists and techno-progressives about solving issues of disease technologically with brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) fails to take into account those who are being “helped”. (Spezio, M. L. (2005). “Brain and Machine: Minding the Transhuman Future.” Dialog 44(4): 375-380. (Link))

In the BMI world, conversations proceed, press releases go out, stock losses are assessed, all without noticing the very real presence of humans in our midst who have taken our species’ first steps into BMI. Both advocates and opponents appear to already know the outcome of BMI, and in these imagined knowledge scapes, the research participants who are the true BMI explorers remain blurry figures, faceless and voiceless and powerless to make any contribution. (379)

He notes that,

While the questions are necessary, the form of speculative minding used to sketch possible answers serves largely to obscure rather than clarify the true benefits and harms likely to result from any recommended policy. Remaining wholly or mainly in imagined relation to imagined individuals with BMI means treating such individuals always as distant third persons, really as manipulable objects of one’s own story. No matter how strongly one professes concern for a person or group of people, if that concern emerges from and is elicited by wholly one-sided constructions of those people, the chauvinism of such one-sidedness will always overshadow the concern. (378)

Reducing things to “issues” or “problems” to be solved distances us from recognizing the flesh and blood human beings involved - “others” who have let become things rather than persons.

Heidi Campbell points to a new issue of Religious Studies Review focused upon religion and the internet over at: When Religion Meets New Media: Special Issue from Religious Studies Review on Religion & Internet.

Some similar articles to issue one in 2005 of the journal Concilium which focused on cybertheology, cyberethics and cyberspace.

Just erased and reinstalled everything on the iBook to get over the wobbles it was developing at the end of the thesis writing. In the process found these links I’d saved earlier.

Ashley X links:

Other links

Hc 67105 CoverA while back I was skimming a couple of religion and media books (See Greenflame: Religion and computer-mediated communications), but I never got further than that with them. One of those books was Heidi Campbell’s “Exploring Religious Community Online: We are One in the Network” and now Paul has written a brief review of the book from his more informed position. See fishers, surfers and casters » Heidi Campbell’s Exploring Religious Community Online.

Now, let’s hope he will write one for Religion and Cyberspace, a collection of essays edited by Morten Hojsgaard and Margit Warburg.

ChallengingnatureListened to James Hughes’ recent Changersurfer Radio podcast yesterday where he interviews Lee Silver (author of “Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering and Cloning will Transform the American Family“, and more lately “Challenging Nature: The clash of science and spirituality at the new frontiers of life“.) It’s an interesting interview because both Hughes and Silver sketch out what each thinks of religious (and quasi-religious) objections to transhumanism. Overall, their articulation of religious positions is limited, and doesn’t take into account the breadth of religious engagement with convergent technologies, but it serves as a useful insight into how some techno-optimists perceive the religious world.

SimonyoungI have a nagging doubt about their optimism about the human spirit too. The argue that many problems in the world could be solved if technological development was allowed to be unhindered - elimination of hunger, suffering and illness etc. However, we currently have technologies that could make a dent in those issues and it is more a matter of human will and of the human “heart” as to whether they will be. Certainly, the human propensities for self-interest, greed and control of resources never seem to feature in these discussions. Anyway, the full interview is available at: ChangeSurfer Radio: Challenging Nature.

Also, seen on the local library bookshelf (and now on loan here) is Simon Young’s recent book “Designer Evolution: A Transhumanist Manifesto“. Too late to put Young’s book in the bibliography but I’ll have skim through it sometime.

A conscience vote in the Australian House of Representatives passed legislation opening the door to human embryonic research (particularly therapeutic cloning) in Australia. See Embryo cloning gets the go-ahead - National - smh.com.au.

It’ll be interesting to see how that shapes discussion in NZ over the same issue.

A recent essay by theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher, Stuart Kauffman, on the need for a secular spirituality that goes beyond reductionism. See Edge: BEYOND REDUCTIONISM: REINVENTING THE SACRED By Stuart A. Kauffman.

Some interesting points for engagement based on the quick skim I did of it.

Today I’ve been adding in some footnotes to articles about food aid to developing countries being linked with the requirement to accept genetically modified foodstuffs or crops. And also the attempts by some governments who supply aid for other problems (e.g. malaria) to make acceptance of GM crops as a condition for receiving that aid.

If you’re interesting in following the GM food topic then the Guardian special report section of their web site keeps track of news in that area (like the recent US GM rice debacle).

See Special report: GM food debate | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited.

Related links:

Nuffield Council on Bioethics : Genetically Modified Crops (includes material on GM crops in developing countries).

Christian Aid’s controversial paper: Selling suicide - farming, false promises and genetic engineering in developing countries (1999). Followed up in 2004 with Christian Aid and the GM crops debate.

Much food, many problems from the journal, Nature (402, 231-232 (18 November 1999)).

Monsanto.com.

Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification [New Zealand Ministry for the Environment].

Still thinking about beneficence and technology. Some random quotes from that process.

Peterson, James C. Genetic Turning Points: The Ethics of Human Genetic Intervention Critical Issues in Bioethics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.

The question for any technology is, how can we develop this to best love God and our neighbors? Asking that question is not trying to be God; it is following God’s orders, fulfilling a God-give mandate to maximize our service while we are here. Such development and intervention is not playing God. It is fulfilling a God-give mandate to serve. Whether our current physical nature is a starting point God intends us to improve upon, broken in the devastation of the fall, or both, it is clear the we could be physically better. We are responsible to do the best we can with what we have. As God’s people we are being created, redeemed, and transformed by God. Part of our calling is to participate in that process by sustaining, restoring, and improving what has been temporarily entrusted to us. (p.89)

Peters, Ted. “The Soul of Trans-Humanism.” Dialog 44, no. 4 (2005): 381-395.

Drawing a bright sharp line between therapy and enhancement seems easy to do. Therapy is ethical, whereas enhancement is not. Yet, is it so easy? For the theologian, the line gets blurry quite quickly. Let’s ask: if therapy focuses on health, does this refer strictly to bodily function? Let’s also ask: if the Christian faith emphasizes redemption, would this lead to embracing all forms of human betterment, even enhancement? Still one more question: would good health within Christian theology include enhancement? (p.384)

Spezio, Michael L. “Brain and Machine: Minding the Transhuman Future.” Dialog 44, no. 4 (2005): 375-380.

Will such enhancements actualize dormant human possibilities, or will they rather make it more difficult for that which is most human to be actualized, in the individual and in relationships? (p.377)

Graham, Elaine. “Bioethics after Posthumanism: Natural Law, Communicative Action and the Problem of Self-Design.” Ecotheology 9, no. 2 (2004): 178-198.

Yet to speak of an orderliness to nature, of its integrity as a mediation of divine purpose, is not the same as inferring an immutability to nature which forbids the ‘unnatural’ interventions of technology or cultural diversity. So we must be ware of attributing to ‘nature’ a fixity and purpose – or even a homogeneity and determinism – which it does not possess. Human relationships to nature are altogether more complex, and appeals to what is ‘natural’ provide little help when, as in the age of advanced biotechnology, this is the very category which is revealed to be malleable and problematic.(p.184-185)

Socio-economic inequalities may thus represent as profound a threat to human dignity as biotechnologies. (p.189)

Hansen, Bart, and Paul Schotsmans. “Cloning: The Human as Created Co-Creator?” Ethical Perspectives 8, no. 2 (2001): 75-89.

In brief, the power of mastering (human) nature through (therapeutic) cloning raises the question whether the human being, as the image of God, is permitted to carry out this task or whether God alone may exercise this right? (p.82)

I’ve been editing some material at the end of the thesis that looks at how the theme of ‘beneficence’ (the doing of good) interacts with technological development. The theme of actively doing good, rather than just not doing evil, is a significant one in religious reflection upon technological use. Indeed, the moral imperative to do good with technology is a common feature between religionists and transhumanists.

For example, Peter Vardy says of genetic enhancement in “Being Human: Fulfilling Genetic and Spiritual Potential“,

If there is a God, then God has given human beings rational minds to enable them to make moral decisions and to develop medical technology and other resources to help them to live in harmony within this world. Indeed, it is held to be one of the crowning glories of human beings that they do have these facilities. Once this is accepted, then to set limits to how this intelligence should be employed seems arbitrary. There has been a tendency in the past for religious people to be nervous of new developments. However, if they believe God has given human beings minds, then it seems perfectly proper to argue that these minds can be used in eliminating disease and physical defects and also in enhancing human beings further to enable them to fulfil their full capacity, by employing the genome in appropriate ways.

The question, of course, is: what are “appropriate ways”?

Would the following qualify? BBC NEWS | Health | Plan to create human-cow embryos.

Related links:

Greenflame: Is our DNA Sacred?
Greenflame: DNA, Stem Cells and Faith (contains links to responses to the above).

Back in July the Bioethics Council started a process of public discussion on and engagement with the theme of human embryo research (see Greenflame: New Zealand discussion of human embryos in research). Now, they have started to make some of the results of that process including video and audio content from public seminars, and later summaries of public discussion.

See Human Embryos in Research [Bioethics Council].

Multimedia links at Talking embryos seminar [Bioethics Council].

Wired News have an interesting article about the rise of “New Atheism” which aims to bring about a society free of religion and superstition through reason. It’s interesting because it raises the issue that this may become the very fundamentalism it seeks to do away with. See Wired News: Battle of the New Atheism

If there’s money to be made then someone will want a slice of it - and possibly tax it. A few points about this at Virtual worlds getting so big they’re virtually taxable - 23 Oct 2006 - World News - NZ Herald.

Brief article on Pope Benedict’s critique of reliance on science and technology over at Pope warns scientists not to risk fate of Icarus - Yahoo! News.

Wired guide for first-time visitors (”noobs”) to Second Life in Let’s Go: Second Life.

And an article over at Rise of the machines - Technology - smh.com.au which picks up on some of the things that I highlight in the opening chapters of my thesis.

A while back I wrote about viewing technology in ecological terms (Greenflame: Information ecologies). The outworking of this might be called appropriate technology. Ian Barbour, in Ethics in an Age of Technology puts it like this when he says “the welfare of humankind requires a creative technology that is economically productive, ecologically sound, socially just, and personally fulfilling.”

Barbour argues for engagement in all of the following four areas briefly summarized below:

Defense of the personal
To represent human values that stand against materialistic and mechanistic views of the world through:

  1. Adopting personal and community life-styles more consistent with human and environmental values.
  2. Protesting strongly against unbalanced technological optimism and affluent society’s disproportionate resource consumption.
  3. Defending of individuality and choice in the face of standardisation and bureaucracy.
  4. Upholding of personal relationships and a vision of personal fulfillment that goes beyond material affluence.
  5. Affirming importance of a spiritual life.
The key here is not rejection of all technology but rather identifying what is the “right” technology for the task at hand.
The role of politics
Technology is not only a cultural influence, but is also part of culture. (Similar to Stephen Monsma’s claim that technology is the air we breathe). In recognizing this he rejects both the ideas that:

  1. Technology is basically good and should be unregulated (free market approach).
  2. Technology is always dehumanizing and uncontrollable, and shapes all the world including politics, leaving individuals and communities powerless (technological determinism).
Rather, by recognizing that technology is an instrument of power to those that wield it, its engagement with culture and as part of culture needs robust political engagement at all levels of society.
The redirection of technology
The past trajectory of technological development should not be totally rejected. Instead we need to look beyond narrow economic agendas and evaluate technology more before deploying it. If we do this then we can work to redirect technology, through decision-making processes and social policies, toward the realization of technological values that affirm a rich and life-giving existence for human beings and the environment.
The scale of technology
A critical key to this is the development of appropriate technology for particular local contexts and situations. The aim being to:

  1. Achieve some of the material benefits of technology (optimist),
  2. Without destructive human costs (pessimist) – which come, he argues, mostly from large-scale implementations of technology.
Instead, a better way is to create intermediate scale systems that allow decentralization and greater local participation, as well as the use of local materials and the reduction of environmental impact.

This latter point of scale is similar to Joel Garreau’s contention that human values can and do shape our future through the choices available to us. We don’t always pick the best choice technologically but we should not capitulate to technological determinism based on either overly optimistic or pessimistic perspectives of technology.

For the individual Christian, and Christian communities, the questions that arise include:

  1. What is “appropriate technology” within the context of loving and serving God and neighbour?
  2. If technology is our environment, and is part of the value system we live within, how then has that shaped our theology and praxis in areas such as mission, social concern and ecclesiology?
  3. How does that shape ethics and practices in the workplace, the church and engagement with politics?
  4. How do Christians work with others in the community to find common values that can undergird technological engagement?

The pro-nanotechnology website of the Foresight Nanotech Institute has a brief review of the World Council of Churches report on the convergent/emergent technologies of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences.

You can read their slant on the WCC document over at Nanodot: Nanotechnology News and Discussion » Blog Archive » Nanotechnology: World Council of Churches promotes UN approval required for all new technologies.

You can also download the WCC report from here: Science, Faith & New Technologies: Transforming Life — Volume I: Convergent Technologies. (PDF)

Update

There’s a complementary report Science, Faith & New Technologies: Transforming Life — Volume II: Genetics, Agriculture and Human Life. (PDF)

Related links:

A reasonably long (10 page) but accessible magazine article on recent discussions on the nature of mind and soul and their relation to the body. The latter part of the article picks up some of the religious perspectives that are being shaped by contemporary neuroscience.

See USNews.com: New Challenges to Our Most Cherished Beliefs About Self and the Human Spirit.

Related link: Counterbalance section on the cognitive and neurosciences.

0415357632Sitting on my desk are two recent books that look at religion and computer-mediated communications (CMC).

The first book is Religion and Cyberspace, a collection of essays edited by Morten Hojsgaard and Margit Warburg. I saw this by accident in a library the other day and found the essay, “Utopian and Dystopian Possibilities of Networked Religion in the New Millennium” by Stephen O’Leary, relevant to some stuff I’ve written on religious technological narratives. From the blurb,

Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship.

Hc 67105 CoverThe second book, Exploring Religious Community Online: We are One in the Network, is the latest book by religion and media expert Heidi Campbell. I found it next to the one above in the library and was meaning to have a look at it sometime. Again from the back,

Exploring Religious Community Online is the first comprehensive study of the development and implications of online communities for religious groups. This book investigates religious community online by examining how Christian communities have adopted internet technologies, and looks at how these online practices pose new challenges to offline religious community and culture.

It’s part of the Digital Formations series that covers all sorts of CMC stuff. At the moment I’ll be skimming it, but later I hope to read it right through.

Mark over at Reflections… wanted some more details about last Friday’s talk. So here are some links to related things:

  • The introduction to my talk is here - Cyborg-Intro.pdf. It’s pretty rough and ready as I read it, rather than have others read it.
  • I used the ASB Bank “Streamline” TV commercial as an example of a narrative of apprehension about technology - wonder and anxiety combined. It’s online here: http://www.caanz.co.nz/awards/video/effie_2002_1269.mpg (It’s the last ad in the clip)
  • Mondolithic Studios have some pretty amazing art the connects with the themes of the cyborg and boundaries being broken. See www.mondolithic.com.
  • Sociable robotics projects at places like MIT. Video clip available on this page about MIT Media Lab’s Leonardo Robot is a good example.
  • The Flavr-Savr - a tomato with a flounder gene in it to slow down decay and spoiling.

All these things contribute to the sense the traditional boundaries are being lost. Human life is now found in the borderlands between what used to be clearly separated categories in the world.

A while back Brian Edgar, Director of Public Theology for the Australian Evangelical Alliance, wrote a good summary paper on some of the theological issues arising from transhumanism and the notion of the cyborg. It’s written in reasonably accessible language (one doesn’t need to be a theological or technological expert) and was originally presented at a seminar on ‘Humans and Machines’ at The Centre for Apologetic Scholarship and Education, New College UNSW in November 2004.

I picked up a copy from the ISCAST (Institute for the Study of Christianity in an Age of Science and Technology) web site - ISCAST - God, Persons and Machines: Theological Reflections. It’s also available, along with others public theology papers, from Edgar’s web page.

In her article, “Thoughts on the Status of the Cyborg: On Technological Socialization and Its Link to the Religious Function of Popular Culture”, sociologist Brenda Brasher continues the conversation about cyborgs and their role in society by arguing the metaphor of the cyborg may provide a useful avenue for critical and constructive engagement with technology and technoculture.

As technological incursions into daily life increase, the cyborg may become a key metaphor for those soon to comprise the pioneer generation of third millennium society. To the extent the cyborg accurately represents human selves as affected by techno-life and thus reliably orients us in the world we inhabit, this development could be deemed a positive one, albeit one that entails considerable ambiguity. As Haraway has noted, the cyborg is inherently pluralistic. Rather than employing the foundational Western dualistic strategy of identity that achieves definitional clarity through a hierarchical contrast of paired terms (male/ female, human/beast, self/other, white/black), the cyborg incorporates dualism within itself by insisting upon an integral identity between people and their material environment. Presuming an inseparable connection between the self and other, the cyborg offers a metaphoric platform upon which complex human identities might be developed whose connective links could stretch out like the World Wide Web itself to embrace and encompass the world. Because it directly faces and accepts the material components of human life, the cyborg as a root metaphor for contemporary human identity offers the capacity to encourage a responsible awareness of and interaction with the material world.

Full reference: Brasher, Brenda E. “Thoughts on the Status of the Cyborg: On Technological Socialization and Its Link to the Religious Function of Popular Culture.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 64, no. 4 (1996): 809-830. (Available online